Obtaining a cross-section from a thin-target setup

Versions

FLUKA: 4-5.1
Flair: 3.4-5.2
Operating system: linux ubuntu

Description

Hello FLUKA Experts,I am simulating a nuclear physics setup aimed at obtaining the double differential cross-sections (d^2\sigma/dEd\Omega) of secondary particles (neutrons and protons) originating strictly from the first act of collision. I’m using proton beam with a kinetic energy of 160 MeV. My target is a sphere (Radius = 0.5 cm) made of Scandium-45 (^{45}\text{Sc}). Rather than implementing complex geometries, I am utilizing a single-cell approach combined with the LAM-BIAS card to artificially mimic an infinitely thin target. By setting the interaction length of secondary particles to an artificially high value (1.0\times 10^{3} ), I turn off secondary interactions completely. This ensures that I record a clean particle yield solely from the primary interaction vertex.For scoring I am using USRBDX. Is this a suitable approach for calculating cross sections? The yield Y(E,\theta) collected by USRBDX will be converted to the differential cross-section using the following relation:\frac{d^2\sigma}{dEd\Omega}=\frac{Y(E,\theta)\cdot\mathrm{Area} }{\mathrm{Number\ of\ target\ atoms}}\cdot\mathrm{Normalization\ factor} Since the target behaves as a quasi-thin layer due to biasing, the normalization factor is essentially 1/N, where N is the number of target atoms per \text{cm}^2

The Problem:

To ensure correct physics for the production of light fragments (deuterons, alphas, etc.) during the intranuclear cascade stage, I activated the coalescence model (COALESCE via PHYSICS).Upon running, the simulation immediately aborts with the error:Coalescence activated and beam above BME limit with no rQMDExecution terminated. Since the primary beam is a 160 MeV proton beam—which should be natively managed by PEANUT—I am unsure why the BME/rQMD threshold conflict is halting the run.

My Questions:

  1. What is the root cause of this crash given a proton beam, and how should I properly handle COALESCE for this type of problem?

  2. Are there better alternative practices or different scoring ideas within FLUKA to extract fundamental double differential cross-sections (\frac{d^2\sigma}{dEd\Omega}) or specific isotope production cross-sections directly, without relying on the LAM-BIAS thin-target approximation method? For example, is using USRYIELD, USERDUMP or tracking the primary interaction vertex preferred for this kind of nuclear data extraction?

Thank you for your insights and support!

Input files

work_test_01.inp (1.9 KB)

Dear Kristin,

Thank you for your post on the Forum!

Concerning the error you receive when running, please make sure to run with the flukadpm executable or an executable that has been linked with RQMD (via ldpmqmd in the Compile tab of Flair).

Concerning the simulation strategy, you are not really simulating a thin target since the latter is a sphere of 0.5 cm radius. I would personally suggest to implement a thin disk so that the thin-target approximation holds for your beam energy.
You should also revise the biasing approach. Please refer to the manual page for LAM-BIAS. You need just one LAM-BIAS card to bias the inelastic nuclear interaction length of primary protons (type INEPRI). Note that if you want to bias the inelastic interaction, you need to decrease \lambda. For instance a possible value for `WHAT(2) could be -1.0E-3 meaning that \lambda will be reduced by a factor 1000 and, at the interaction point, Russian Roulette decides whether the particle actually will survive or not after creation of the secondaries.

Scoring-wise, USRBDX may not always be the right choice for your purposes, since the angle of the secondaries leaving the target through the lateral surface is measured with respect to the normal to the surface and not the beam direction. USRYIELD would allow you to score particles emerging from an inelastic interaction. You would need one scoring card for each angular range.

As a side note, looking at your input file, you definitely do not need the PHOTONUC card, and you can increase the electron/positron/photon transport and production thresholds if you are interested in the secondary neutron and proton production.

Best,
Davide

Thank you @dbozzato for the detailed explanation.

Best regards!

Kristina